Can Kidney Stones Lead to Constipation? Understanding the Connection

Kidney stones don’t directly cause constipation. But while this may be so, they can lead to it indirectly through pain, medication side effects, and even inflammation.

This article will go a deep dive into the intricate relationship between gut health and kidney stones. It will explore the physiologic mechanisms, associated gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, and effective way to manage them. Our goal is to provide clear, concise, and actionable information to help you understand and deal with this complex connection.

Key Insights

• Kidney stones do not directly cause constipation but can lead to it indirectly through pain, pain medications like opioids, inflammation, and pressure on the bowels

• Common GI symptoms associated with kidney stones include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, which may sometimes be mistaken for other digestive problems

• Kidney stones and irritable bowel syndrome are often linked, which could manifest as either constipation or diarrhea

• Dealing with constipation associated with kidney stones would include increased fluid and fiber intake

• Judicious use of over-the-counter remedies and effective pain management should be considered

• Seek immediate medical attention if you experience severe pain, persistent nausea and vomiting, fever, or inability to pass urine or stool together with symptoms of kidney stones

How Do Kidney Stones Influence Bowel Function?

There is an indirect connection between bowel function and kidney stones. It could lead to constipation caused by several factors like inflammation, pressure on the bowels, and nerve irritation. So instead of direct physical obstruction of the digestive tract, these factors happen thus affecting bowel function.

The urinary and digestive systems are distinct tracts. But their close proximity to each other and the shared nerve pathways could mean that the issues in one may also be affecting the other. The indirect influence is a key aspect, which is often overlooked considering the broader effects of kidney stones on the body.

What is the direct physiological link between kidney stones and constipation?

While there is no direct physical link, the close position of the kidneys to the colon could mean that inflammation or pressure from kidney stones may affect bowel movement. The pain signals could also impact the nervous system’s control over digestion. The kidneys are located at the back of the peritoneal space, behind the abdominal lining, and are in close relationship with different parts of the colon.

For example, the right kidney is near the ascending colon and the right colic flexure. The left kidney is close to the descending colon. This relationship could mean that if there is any significant swelling or inflammation around the kidney stone, it would also directly irritate the adjacent bowel segments. The relationship is demonstrated by the following:

• Anatomical relationship

• Referred pain and nerve pathways

The nerves that supply the kidneys and ureters also share connections with the gastrointestinal tract. When kidney stones cause intense pain, the pain signals can be transmitted on the same shared nerve pathways. As a result, the nervous system becomes confused, leading to the disruption in the normal signals that regulate bowel movements. As the brain interprets the severe pain from the urinary system, it may unintentionally slow down the digestive process as a protective mechanism, which contributes to constipation.

How does inflammation from kidney stones affect the digestive system?

Inflammation caused by kidney stones can spread to nearby tissues. This will include parts of the bowel, which could lead to local irritation. It could slow down bowel movements and may result in constipation. When kidney stones form and are attempted to be expelled, it can cause significant inflammation in the kidney and ureter. The inflammatory response would involve releasing various chemical mediators like cytokines and prostaglandins, which are part of the body’s natural defense.

There are two things that happen:

• Localized irritation

The inflammatory mediators released in response to the kidney stone can affect surrounding tissues as well, including the walls of the closest part of the colon. It can directly affect the smooth muscle of the intestine, which could impair its ability to contract effectively. This contraction, called peristalsis, is compromised and will make the transit time of stool in the colon increased. It will lead to more water absorption and harder, more difficult-to-pass stools.

• Systemic effects

In other cases, particularly when it involves larger or more obstructive stones, the inflammation may become more systemic. This affects the entire body. It will lead to other symptoms like fatigue, reduced appetite, and slowing down of overall bodily functions, including digestion. Systemic inflammation brings about stress, which will affect gut motility and permeability. As a result, other digestive issues like bloating and reduced bowel movements are exacerbated.

Can the size or location of a kidney stone impact bowel movements?

Yes, both the size and location of a kidney stone can affect bowel movement. It is one of the major contributing factors why there is constipation. Larger stones located near the colon may exert pressure or cause local irritation, which eventually impairs the bowel function.

• Stone size–bigger stones can generate stronger inflammatory responses, which could extend to the surrounding structures, including parts of the bowel. This leads to discomfort or constipation.

• Stone location–those located near the ureter, which is close to the sigmoid part of the colon and rectum, which are more likely to cause bowel issues. A stone at the ureterovesical junction or near the iliac vessels can press against bowel segments, which can potentially slow down the movement. This could be misdiagnosed as appendicitis or could trigger urinary retention, which further impacts rectal function.

What Gastrointestinal Symptoms Are Associated with Kidney Stones?

Kidney stones often cause gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms beyond constipation, such as nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and bloating.

Beyond constipation, what other GI issues can kidney stones cause?

• Nausea and vomiting

Severe renal colic activates the vagus nerve. It triggers nausea and vomiting as part of the body’s natural response to pain

• Abdominal pain

The pain could come from the kidney or ureter but this could radiate to the abdomen, which could mimic GI issues. The referred pain can mislead diagnosis, especially when it appears as diffuse or cramping abdominal discomfort

• Bloating and diarrhea

While constipation is more common, bloating may result from delayed gut movement, and diarrhea can occur due to cross-talks of the nerves or even stress-induced bowel movement

Is Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) linked to kidney stones?

Yes, various studies have shown the correlation between the kidney stones and inflammatory bowel syndrome, this could include diarrhea and constipation.

• Increased risk

Repeated kidney stone episodes may lead to nerve disruption, gut microbiome change, and inflammation. These are all implicated in IBS. It was shown that there is a higher incidence of IBS in individuals with kidney stones. In fact, kidney stones are a common urinary manifestation in IBS.

• Symptom overlap

The hallmark of IBS symptoms include bloating, pain, gas, and irregular bowel habits. These symptoms often overlap with the GI effects that are seen during or after a kidney stone episode. This overlap of symptoms make the diagnosis very challenging.

How can you differentiate kidney stone pain from other abdominal discomforts?

Renal colic pain from kidney stones is distinct in its severity, radiation pattern, and accompanying urinary symptoms.

• Location

Starts from the flank or lower back. It often radiates to the lower abdomen or groin. In men, it could extend to the testicles.

• Nature of pain

Sharp, cramping, and usually comes in waves, unlike constant dull GI pain. It is typically not relieved by changing position, which helps differentiate it from muscular or gas-related discomfort.

• Additional clues

There are symptoms that could provide clues like painful urination, hematuria, and urinary urgency are strong indicators of a kidney stone rather than a purely digestive problem.

Can Pain Medications for Kidney Stones Cause Constipation?

Yes, opioids and some adjunct medications commonly prescribed for kidney stone pain can significantly contribute to constipation.

Which types of pain relievers commonly cause constipation in kidney stone patients?

• Opioids, such as oxycodone and morphine, can slow down intestinal movement by acting on gut opioid receptors. This could lead to opioid-induced constipation (OIC).

• Other medications like anticholinergic anti-nausea drugs and calcium channel blockers may also reduce gut motility and could worsen constipation

Are there alternative pain management strategies to avoid constipation?

Yes, non-opioid options and adjunct therapies can reduce constipation risk:

• NSAIDs like ibuprofen are effective for inflammation and pain without affecting gut motility

• Alpha-blockers like tamsulosin help pass stones by relaxing ureteral muscles

• Heat therapy and hydration can support pain relief and bowel movement without medication

How long does medication-induced constipation typically last?

OIC will not resolve until the medication-causing it is still being used. So for as long as the medication is used, the symptoms may be prolonged or combined with other drugs that may cause constipation.

You need to seek medical help if constipation continues for several days. Persistent bloating, pain, or inability to pass gas are symptoms you must watch out for.

What Are the Long-Term Effects of Kidney Stones on Digestive Health?

Recurrent kidney stones may lead to chronic digestive issues, including functional bowel disorders and altered microbiome health.

Can recurrent kidney stones lead to chronic digestive problems?

Yes, frequent episodes can cause ongoing nerve and inflammatory stress, which could potentially result in:

• Persistent constipation or diarrhea

• Increased gut sensitivity

• Stress-related GI symptoms due to gut-brain axis disruption

What are the potential long-term impacts on the gut microbiome?

• Antibiotics for UTIs can disrupt the balance of beneficial gut bacteria, which leads to dysbiosis

• Chronic stress and pain can also alter bacterial diversity and gut permeability, which influences long-term digestive balance

Are there any dietary changes recommended for long-term digestive health after kidney stones?

• High-fiber diet can promote regularity and healthy gut flora

• Hydration prevents both constipation and stones

• Limit sodium, animal proteins, and oxalates–based on stone type; it prevents recurrence and supports gut health

How Can Constipation Related to Kidney Stones Be Managed?

A multi-faceted approach, including diet, hydration, movement, and targeted laxatives—can effectively manage constipation.

What immediate home remedies can alleviate constipation during a kidney stone episode?

• Drink more water, including warm liquids

• Eat fiber-rich foods like prunes, leafy greens, and figs

• Practice light exercise and abdominal massage

• Warm baths to relax the muscles

When should laxatives or stool softeners be considered?

• Stool softener–first-line option gentle relief

• Osmotic laxatives–draw water into intestines (polyethylene glycol)

• Stimulant laxatives–only for short-term use due to dependency risk

Use all under medical supervision, especially during acute episodes.

What dietary and lifestyle adjustments can prevent future constipation?

• Stay hydrated regularly

• Eat a variety fiber sources

• Exercise regularly

• Manage your stress to protect gut-brain signaling

• Establish a daily bowel routine

When Should You Seek Medical Help for Kidney Stones and Constipation?

If you experience severe or worsening symptoms, seek immediate care. Delaying may lead to complications.

What are the warning signs that require immediate medical attention?

• Severe and persistent pain

• High fever or chills (signs of infection)

• Persistent vomiting or dehydration

• Inability to pass urine or stool

• Blood in urine with pain or fever

What diagnostic tests are used to evaluate kidney stone-related GI issues?

• Urinalysis and blood tests

This detects infection, kidney function, and electrolytes

• Imaging

• CT scan (most accurate)

• Ultrasound (radiation-free)

• X-ray (KUB for larger stones)

• GI-Specific Tests

• Colonoscopy or motility studies if bowel issues persist

What treatment options are available for severe constipation caused by kidney stones?

• Stone management–key to resolving root cause (pain relief, MET, or surgical removal)

• Advanced constipation care

• Prescription laxatives

• Enemas or manual disimpaction (in extreme cases)

• Joint urology-gastroenterology care for complex scenarios

Suggested Readings:

Can Creatine Cause Kidney Stones? Exploring the Science, Risks, and Realities

Can You Die From Kidney Stones? Hidden Dangers, Complications, and Life-Saving Insights

Quick Summary Box

• Kidney stones can indirectly cause constipation via pressure, inflammation, or medications.

• GI symptoms may include nausea, vomiting, bloating, and pain, often mimicking other conditions.

• There is a documented link between kidney stones and IBS development.

• Effective management includes hydration, fiber, non-opioid pain relief, and careful use of laxatives.

• Seek medical care for severe pain, fever, vomiting, or urinary/GI obstruction.

References

References

Can Kidney Stone Make You Constipated? - Dr Samarth Agarwal. (2024, July 27). Dr Samarth Agarwal Best Urologist in Siliguri. https://drsamarthagarwal.in/can-kidney-stone-make-you-constipated/ 

Cury, D., Moss, A., & Schor, N. (2013). Nephrolithiasis in patients with inflammatory bowel disease in the community. International Journal of Nephrology and Renovascular Disease, 139. https://doi.org/10.2147/ijnrd.s45466 

Dzierżanowski, T., & Kozlowski, M. (n.d.). Itopride increases the effectiveness of the management of opioid-induced constipation in palliative care patients: an observational non-interventional study. Archives of Medical Science; PALLIATIVE MEDICINE / CLINICAL RESEARCH. Retrieved May 2022, from https://www.archivesofmedicalscience.com/Itopride-increases-the-effectiveness-of-the-management-of-opioid-induced-constipation,109188,0,2.html 

Ganji-Arjenaki, M., Nasri, H., & Rafieian-Kopaei, M. (2017). Nephrolithiasis as a common urinary system manifestation of inflammatory bowel diseases; a clinical review and meta-analysis. Journal of Nephropathology, 6(3), 264–269. https://doi.org/10.15171/jnp.2017.42 

Jones, O. (2024). The Kidneys - Position - Structure - Vasculature - TeachMeAnatomy. Teachmeanatomy.info. https://teachmeanatomy.info/abdomen/viscera/kidney/ 

Sizar, O., Gupta, M., & Genova, R. (2023). Opioid induced constipation. Nih.gov; StatPearls Publishing. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493184/ 

Tsuji, K., Uchida, N., Hiroyuki Nakanoh, Fukushima, K., Haraguchi, S., Kitamura, S., & Wada, J. (2024). The Gut–Kidney Axis in Chronic Kidney Diseases. Diagnostics, 15(1), 21–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics15010021 

Zhang, H., Wang, Z., Wang, G., Song, X., Qian, Y., Liao, Z., Sui, L., Ai, L., & Xia, Y. (2023). Understanding the Connection between Gut Homeostasis and Psychological Stress. The Journal of Nutrition, 153(4). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2023.01.026 

 

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Can kidney stones cause bloating and gas?

A: Yes, due to slowed gut motility from inflammation and pain.

Q: How long after passing a kidney stone can constipation last?

A: Typically a few days to one week, depending on medication use and recovery.

Q: Are there specific foods to avoid if kidney stones are causing constipation?

A: Avoid processed foods, excessive dairy, and high-oxalate items (if applicable). Focus on hydration and fiber.